Copyright Abuse版權濫用

Most of the issues surrounding copyright are related to what bloggers and webmasters can and cannot reproduce on their own sites, but, open access aside, what about corporate copyright abuse.大部分的問題，周圍的版權相關的什麼博客和網站管理員可以和不可以複製就在自己的網站上，但開放存取之外，什麼對企業版權濫用。 In this guest blog post在這方面客戶的博客帖子 Peter Lewis of the Open University in England彼得劉易斯公開大學在英格蘭 gives us his opinion of copyright abuse in the commercial world.讓我們，他認為版權濫用在商業世界。

I first came across the problem of copyright abuse by numerous commercial image databanks, in 2004.我第一次碰到的問題，版權濫用眾多的商業形象資料庫，在2004年。 At the time, I was writing my book on the在當時，我寫我的書就 Tay Bridge disaster河西大橋災害 (Tempus 2004). （ tempus 2004年） 。 My reanalysis of the disaster - a kind of cold case investigation - involved systematic examination of the many high quality photos taken for the Official Inquiry of 1880.我再分析災難-一種冷個案調查-所涉及的系統研究的許多高品質照片所採取的為正式調查的1 8 80。 We asked Dundee City Library and St Andrews University Library to make high resolution scans, which my university paid for in the usual way.我們問鄧迪市圖書館和聖安德魯斯大學圖書館，使高分辨率掃描，我國大學支付，在慣常方式。 When I produced my book, however, St Andrews protested that I had wrongly used their images, despite the fact the images dated from 1879 and earlier and were clearly out-of-copyright.當我製作我的書，但是，聖安德魯斯抗議，我錯誤地用自己的圖像，儘管事實上圖像從1879年和更早，並明確指出- -版權。 They eventually backed down but they, and many others, seem to think that if they posses an old image, they possess the copyright forever.他們最終讓步，但他們和許多其他人，似乎認為，如果他們擁有一個舊形象，他們所擁有的版權永遠。

This doctrine was once used by some university libraries and is known as perpetual copyright.這一學說曾經使用的一些大學圖書館和被稱為永久版權。 It was abolished in the Victorian period, but seems to have re-appeared!它被取消，在維多利亞時期，但似乎已經重新出現了！ Worse still, modern image companies such as Getty and the UK’s Science Museum/NRM possess public domain images which they have scanned更糟的是，現代公司的形象，如格蒂和英國的科學館/自然資源管理具有公共領域的圖像，而他們掃描
from original periodicals such as the Illustrated London News , and claim new copyright in those images.從原來的期刊，如插圖倫敦消息 ，並聲稱新的版權在這些圖片。 I protested to the Science Museum about their policy, and was told that "it was too difficult to remove the copyright watermark for one or two images"! i抗議科學館對他們的政策，被告知“這是太困難，以消除版權的水印為一個或兩個圖像” ！

Another example occurred more recently when we were designing new covers for one of our teaching blocks.另一個例子發生在最近，當我們設計新的涵蓋了我們的其中一個教學蓋帽。 It was a book about intellectual property, and the designer had used an old image from a US這是一本有關智慧財產權，和設計師用了一歲的形象，來自美國
Patent which he had found in a commercial image library.專利，其中他發現了在一個商業圖片庫。 They wanted to charge £600 (about $1200).他們要收取600英鎊（約1200 ） 。 I pointed out to the designer that the image was in the public domain and could be downloaded for free from the US Patent Office website, and so we saved the money.我曾指出，以設計師的形象，這是在公共領域，並可以免費下載，從美國專利局的網站，所以我們節省了金錢。 Many designers and others are apparently totally unaware of this scam, and will happily pay large sums for public domain images when they can be obtained for free.許多設計師和其他人，顯然完全不知道這個騙局，並會愉快地支付大筆為公共領域的圖像時，他們可以得到免費的。 One irony in this case was that the quality of the US Patent Office image was much better than that offered commercially. 1諷刺在這種情況下是高質量的美國專利局的形象，明顯優於所提供的商業。

I think this issue is very important for anyone researching historical events, or indeed, carrying out any other work where they may be open to copyright abuse.我認為這個問題是非常重要的，任何人研究歷史事件，或事實上，在進行任何其他工作，他們可能開放版權濫用。

- Guest blog post by Peter Lewis. -客戶的博客帖子彼得劉易斯。 Lewis is interested in product and process failures in engineering and has researched and written widely on the subject.劉易斯是有興趣的產品和工藝的失敗，在工程中的應用，並已研究和廣泛的書面關於這一主題的。 He is Chair of ‘Design and Manufacture in Polymers’ and Chair of ‘Forensic Engineering’ at the Open University, England.他是主席的'設計和製造在聚合物中' ，並親自擔任主席的'法醫工程'在公開大學，英格蘭。 He is actively reanalysing other historic disasters and accidents, using his cold case approach to engineering failures.他現正積極reanalysing其他歷史性的災害事故，用他的冷處理的辦法，以工程的失敗。 His book on the Shipton rail accident (near Oxford, England) will be published by Tempus in February 2008, and he is currently looking at the Staplehurst crash of 1865 in which author Charles Dickens was involved.他的著作就什普鐵路事故（近牛津，英國）將發表由tempus在2008年2月，他目前正在研究在staplehurst墜毀1865年，其中的作者查爾斯狄更斯參與。

For advice on finding copyright free images for use in your blog or website, check out David Bradley’s article on的意見調查結果不受版權保護的圖片使用在您的博客或網站，請大衛布拉德利的文章： credit and copyright on Sciencebase信貸和版權就sciencebase . 。 Lewis points out that Wikipeda has a growing archive of pictures and photos in the public domain, and you personally only need scan in an original to be able to use it.劉易斯指出， wikipeda已越來越存檔的圖片和照片在公共領域，和你個人只需要掃描的原件，以便能夠使用它。 Copyright abuse has even been tried with patents and other intellectual property.版權虐待，甚至被嘗試與專利及其他智慧財產權。 Patents, of course, are all in the public domain.專利，當然，都是在公共領域。 And it is worth knowing that all US Government material (text, photos etc) are automatically free of copyright thanks to the US Constitution.這是值得知道的所有美國政府的材料（文字，照片等） ，自動免費版權感謝美國憲法。

In additional correspondence Lewis told me that copyright can be abused by any commercial interest, especially against smaller enterprises such as authors and users.在額外的函授劉易斯告訴我，版權可以被濫用，任何商業利益，特別是對規模較小的企業，如作者和使用者。 Indeed, there have been many examples of large companies trying to abuse the system.事實上，有很多的例子，大公司試圖濫用系統。 Examples which come to mind include car manufacturer British Leyland, which tried to gain copyright on its car exhaust systems to prevent cheap exhaust pipes being made for their vehicles.的例子，來記，包括汽車製造商英國利蘭，試圖獲得版權就其汽車排氣系統，以防止廉價的排氣管正在為他們的車輛。 Similarly, to manufacturer Lego tried to apply copyright law to their famous plastic bricks.同樣地，製造商樂高試圖申請著作權法，以他們的著名的塑膠磚。 Both companies were defeated in English law through the 1988 Act of Parliament.兩家公司都被打敗，在英國法律1988年通過議會法案。