Copyright Abuse版权滥用

Most of the issues surrounding copyright are related to what bloggers and webmasters can and cannot reproduce on their own sites, but, open access aside, what about corporate copyright abuse.大部分的问题，周围的版权相关的什么博客和网站管理员可以和不可以复制就在自己的网站上，但开放存取之外，什么对企业版权滥用。 In this guest blog post在这方面客户的博客帖子 Peter Lewis of the Open University in England彼得刘易斯公开大学在英格兰 gives us his opinion of copyright abuse in the commercial world.让我们，他认为版权滥用在商业世界。

I first came across the problem of copyright abuse by numerous commercial image databanks, in 2004.我第一次碰到的问题，版权滥用众多的商业形象资料库，在2004年。 At the time, I was writing my book on the在当时，我写我的书就 Tay Bridge disaster河西大桥灾害 (Tempus 2004). （ tempus 2004年） 。 My reanalysis of the disaster - a kind of cold case investigation - involved systematic examination of the many high quality photos taken for the Official Inquiry of 1880.我再分析灾难-一种冷个案调查-所涉及的系统研究的许多高品质照片所采取的为正式调查的1 8 80。 We asked Dundee City Library and St Andrews University Library to make high resolution scans, which my university paid for in the usual way.我们问邓迪市图书馆和圣安德鲁斯大学图书馆，使高分辨率扫描，我国大学支付，在惯常方式。 When I produced my book, however, St Andrews protested that I had wrongly used their images, despite the fact the images dated from 1879 and earlier and were clearly out-of-copyright.当我制作我的书，但是，圣安德鲁斯抗议，我错误地用自己的图像，尽管事实上图像从1879年和更早，并明确指出- -版权。 They eventually backed down but they, and many others, seem to think that if they posses an old image, they possess the copyright forever.他们最终让步，但他们和许多其他人，似乎认为，如果他们拥有一个旧形象，他们所拥有的版权永远。

This doctrine was once used by some university libraries and is known as perpetual copyright.这一学说曾经使用的一些大学图书馆和被称为永久版权。 It was abolished in the Victorian period, but seems to have re-appeared!它被取消，在维多利亚时期，但似乎已经重新出现了！ Worse still, modern image companies such as Getty and the UK’s Science Museum/NRM possess public domain images which they have scanned更糟的是，现代公司的形象，如格蒂和英国的科学馆/自然资源管理具有公共领域的图像，而他们扫描
from original periodicals such as the Illustrated London News , and claim new copyright in those images.从原来的期刊，如插图伦敦消息 ，并声称新的版权在这些图片。 I protested to the Science Museum about their policy, and was told that "it was too difficult to remove the copyright watermark for one or two images"! i抗议科学馆对他们的政策，被告知“这是太困难，以消除版权的水印为一个或两个图像” ！

Another example occurred more recently when we were designing new covers for one of our teaching blocks.另一个例子发生在最近，当我们设计新的涵盖了我们的其中一个教学盖帽。 It was a book about intellectual property, and the designer had used an old image from a US这是一本有关智慧财产权，和设计师用了一岁的形象，来自美国
Patent which he had found in a commercial image library.专利，其中他发现了在一个商业图片库。 They wanted to charge £600 (about $1200).他们要收取600英镑（约1200 ） 。 I pointed out to the designer that the image was in the public domain and could be downloaded for free from the US Patent Office website, and so we saved the money.我曾指出，以设计师的形象，这是在公共领域，并可以免费下载，从美国专利局的网站，所以我们节省了金钱。 Many designers and others are apparently totally unaware of this scam, and will happily pay large sums for public domain images when they can be obtained for free.许多设计师和其他人，显然完全不知道这个骗局，并会愉快地支付大笔为公共领域的图像时，他们可以得到免费的。 One irony in this case was that the quality of the US Patent Office image was much better than that offered commercially. 1讽刺在这种情况下是高质量的美国专利局的形象，明显优于所提供的商业。

I think this issue is very important for anyone researching historical events, or indeed, carrying out any other work where they may be open to copyright abuse.我认为这个问题是非常重要的，任何人研究历史事件，或事实上，在进行任何其他工作，他们可能开放版权滥用。

- Guest blog post by Peter Lewis. -客户的博客帖子彼得刘易斯。 Lewis is interested in product and process failures in engineering and has researched and written widely on the subject.刘易斯是有兴趣的产品和工艺的失败，在工程中的应用，并已研究和广泛的书面关于这一主题的。 He is Chair of ‘Design and Manufacture in Polymers’ and Chair of ‘Forensic Engineering’ at the Open University, England.他是主席的'设计和制造在聚合物中' ，并亲自担任主席的'法医工程'在公开大学，英格兰。 He is actively reanalysing other historic disasters and accidents, using his cold case approach to engineering failures.他现正积极reanalysing其他历史性的灾害事故，用他的冷处理的办法，以工程的失败。 His book on the Shipton rail accident (near Oxford, England) will be published by Tempus in February 2008, and he is currently looking at the Staplehurst crash of 1865 in which author Charles Dickens was involved.他的著作就什普铁路事故（近牛津，英国）将发表由tempus在2008年2月，他目前正在研究在staplehurst坠毁1865年，其中的作者查尔斯狄更斯参与。

For advice on finding copyright free images for use in your blog or website, check out David Bradley’s article on的意见调查结果不受版权保护的图片使用在您的博客或网站，请大卫布拉德利的文章： credit and copyright on Sciencebase信贷和版权就sciencebase . 。 Lewis points out that Wikipeda has a growing archive of pictures and photos in the public domain, and you personally only need scan in an original to be able to use it.刘易斯指出， wikipeda已越来越存档的图片和照片在公共领域，和你个人只需要扫描的原件，以便能够使用它。 Copyright abuse has even been tried with patents and other intellectual property.版权虐待，甚至被尝试与专利及其他智慧财产权。 Patents, of course, are all in the public domain.专利，当然，都是在公共领域。 And it is worth knowing that all US Government material (text, photos etc) are automatically free of copyright thanks to the US Constitution.这是值得知道的所有美国政府的材料（文字，照片等） ，自动免费版权感谢美国宪法。

In additional correspondence Lewis told me that copyright can be abused by any commercial interest, especially against smaller enterprises such as authors and users.在额外的函授刘易斯告诉我，版权可以被滥用，任何商业利益，特别是对规模较小的企业，如作者和使用者。 Indeed, there have been many examples of large companies trying to abuse the system.事实上，有很多的例子，大公司试图滥用系统。 Examples which come to mind include car manufacturer British Leyland, which tried to gain copyright on its car exhaust systems to prevent cheap exhaust pipes being made for their vehicles.的例子，来记，包括汽车制造商英国利兰，试图获得版权就其汽车排气系统，以防止廉价的排气管正在为他们的车辆。 Similarly, to manufacturer Lego tried to apply copyright law to their famous plastic bricks.同样地，制造商乐高试图申请著作权法，以他们的著名的塑胶砖。 Both companies were defeated in English law through the 1988 Act of Parliament.两家公司都被打败，在英国法律1988年通过议会法案。